“Punctuation marks in sentences with introductory and inserted constructions. Punctuation marks for introductory and plug-in constructions Punctuation marks and punctuation marks for them

1. Plug-in structures(words, combinations of words, sentences) contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to the main statement.

Plug-in constructions are less closely related to the sentence than introductory ones, and therefore fall sharply out of its structure. Expressing additional messages, they require more significant emphasis in the sentence than introductory constructions, which, as a rule, contain an attitude towards what was said and its assessment. It is this semantic independence of inserted structures that explains the need to use brackets and dashes to highlight them.

For example: Since 1851, the Sibirsky ( then East Siberian) department of the Geographical Society(Spread); We were well fed, but the water was not for drinking, but for washing- it was not enough(Kav.); Sometimes the days sparkled better than summer - the whiteness of the frozen snow resisted the sun's fire point-blank– and the clean air shimmered sharply with biting cold and viscous warmth(Plat.); Valeria - that was the name of the girl, out of longing for whom I ran away from the village to Moscow, - listened to me, looking dreamily ahead(Sol.).

2. Punctuation marks for inserted structures

The following are highlighted in brackets:

1) plug-in constructions that complement or explain the content of the main sentence.

For example: Finally he ordered the racing droshky to be harnessed and he dressed warmly ( it was already at the end of September) and, driving himself, left the yard(P.); On a hot summer morning ( it was late July) woke us up earlier than usual(Ax.); A young sparrow fell out of the nest ( the wind shook the birch trees of the alley) and sat motionless(T.); I didn't have time to get a good look at his face ( the stroller rushed past too quickly); but it seemed to me that he was deeply touched t (T.); Returning to my room ( it was located in an outbuilding and was almost completely cluttered with forged chests), Gavrila first sent his wife out...(T.); Petya was not at home ( he went to a comrade with whom he intended to transfer from the militia to the active army) (L.T.); Having passed some Austrian troops, Rostov noticed that the next part of the line (it was the guard) had already entered into action(L.T.); Trebles and violas ( sometimes basses and tenors) these choirs were recruited from students(Room.).

2) Plug-in structures, which represent incidental author’s comments.

For example: Believe me ( conscience is a guarantee), marriage will be torment for us(P.); Don’t answer, I know that you won’t admit it, because Grushnitsky was killed ( she crossed herself) (L.); “Gentlemen,” he said ( his voice was calm, although the tone was lower than usual). - Gentlemen, why empty disputes?"(L.); Passion quickly but passionately passed through my soul ( I can't call her otherwise) catch and collect butterflies(Ax.); But the Lord God knows ( then he raised his hand above his head), that the globe would sooner come to fragments than for me to go back on my word or... ( he even snorted) or chicken out...(T.); I didn't understand (now I understand) what I was doing to the creatures close to me(Garsh.); Now that more than a week had passed since Dasha’s visit, it began to seem surprising to him how unnoticed ( He didn’t even say hello to her right away) and just ( came in, sat down, put the muff on her knees) this girl appears in their frenzied apartment(A.T.).

3) Plug-in constructions that explain individual words in the main sentence.

For example: No, you (or you) don't have to know this!(L.); Where's the old one? ( That's what he usually called his wife.) (G.); The commanders threw books, maps ( geographical, there were no others on the ship), conversations and quickly ran to the deck(Gonch.); Vladimir Sergeevich ( that was the name of the young man in the coat) looked at his man in bewilderment(T.); Alyosha could not even look at Rakitin (a seminarian), also familiar and almost close to Alyosha(Adv.); It was Pyotr Gerasimovich ( Nekhlyudov never knew and even boasted a little that he did not know his last name), former teacher of his sister's children(L.T.); Halfway through the stretch the forest ended, and elani (fields) opened up on the sides.(L.T.); I ordered foreign literature magazines (two) to be sent to Yalta(Ch.); That same day I was already at Nikitin’s (son-in-law’s last name) apartment.(Cor.); Caesar ( that was the name of the lion in the menagerie) sleeps and squeals quietly(Cupr.); The sled suddenly hit a pile sticking out of the water ( trace of a blown bridge) and turned it over with amazing ease(Sh.).

4) Plug-in constructions, syntactically related to the main sentence, but excluded from it and having an adjunctive nature.

For example: Seeing that a man, working on arches, sells them profitably from his hands ( and the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly), the Bear decided to live by the same labors(Kr.); His enemies, his friends ( which may be the same thing) he was honored this way and that(P.); Make fun of him ( and also in the official newspaper) not good(P.); The father lost his usual firmness, and his grief ( usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints(P.); ... But the goal of the eyes and judgments at that time was the fat pie ( unfortunately oversalted) (P.); ...And, despite the current, very understandable evasiveness of Pyotr Petrovich ( because he doesn't know you yet), Dunya is firmly convinced that she will achieve everything with her good influence on her future husband(Adv.); If Pierre was often struck by Andrei’s lack of ability for dreamy philosophizing ( what Pierre was especially prone to), then in this he saw not a disadvantage, but a strength(L.T.); ...Thank you for your letter, for once again showing me your tragic handwriting ( which, by the way, has become more picky) (Ch.); He was wounded (slightly), then got married(Cor.); And that's why ( let it not be there, in the fire) we are still frontline people today(Pinch.).

5) Inserted interrogative and exclamatory structures and individual words expressing the author’s emotions or his attitude to the words expressed, to quotes.

For example: …May be ( flattering hope!), the future ignoramus will point to my famous portrait...(P.); We learned from him himself that he, Mr. Savelyev, decided to devote all his abilities (whose?) to the development (development?) of Russian history(White).

Punctuation marks that stand at the place where a sentence is “broken” by an insertion structure separated by brackets are placed after the brackets.

For example: At Savva, the shepherd ( he was tending the lord's sheep), suddenly the sheep began to decrease(Kr.) - a separate application of the shepherd, but the comma is placed only after the inserted sentence;

Tatyana, who, as we said above, held the position of laundress ( however, she, as a skilled and learned laundress, was entrusted with only fine linen), was a woman about twenty-eight years old(T.) - a separate definition, the same sequence of signs.

In rare cases where an insertion clearly refers to the second part of the sentence within which it is found, the required punctuation mark before the opening parenthesis is retained.

For example: In ancient times, people were completely different from what they are today; ( since there is love in the world) they loved more sincerely(L.).

Using a dash, inserted structures are highlighted that complement or explain the main sentence, express the author’s feelings, etc. (often in works of fiction).

For example: There is nothing to do here - friends kissed(Kr.); But - a wonderful thing! - Having turned into an Anglomaniac, Pavel Petrovich became at the same time a patriot(T.); My arrival - I could notice it- at first the guests were somewhat confused(T.); He was very cold with me, and - strange thing - I seemed to be afraid of him(T.); One unforgettable evening - I lay alone on the sofa and stared blankly at the ceiling- someone quickly opened the door to my room and stood on the threshold(T.); I ran out into the street for a minute - here in our own house there is a confectionery shop downstairs- I took ten pieces of shortbread and came...(Lesk.); ...Imagining that the castle was locked, I took out the key, and - oh horror!(L.T.); - I only had the head of the key in my hands His second wife, beautiful, smart - you just saw her(Ch.); - married him when he was already old ...Even my masters - if they were home a - they opened the windows and, listening, praised the musician (M.G.); I would like to live and live, rushing through the years. But in the end I want - I have no other desires- I want to meet my hour of death the way comrade Nette met his death (M); Again - once again - he repeated these words; We will be satisfied if you tell us when - specifically!-the issue will be included in the agenda; This little thing cost someone -

if not for himself- a tidy sum. Emphasis with a dash is possible only in the middle of a sentence , since an insertion construction separated by a dash at the end of a sentence will be perceived as the second part of a complex sentence. In order for an insertion to retain its "insertion" character, parentheses are necessary; compare:) Katya never knew the power of her beauty, she innocently considered herself pretty, sometimes very pretty, she loved to be liked, like a bird, shaking her feathers (

when the pinkish sun begins to shine on the gray dew, rising between the trunks (A.T.);); (compare: loved to be liked, like a bird shaking its feathers, when the pinkish sun begins to shine on the gray dew) She took off her headscarf, her curly ash-colored hair was tied at the back of her head with a red satin ribbon ( issued at the artillery department warehouse;(A.T.); (compare: ...her ashen hair was tied at the back of her head with a red satin ribbon - given out at the artillery department warehouse) Sitting in a cell, holding a duffel bag at my side ( where, among other things, were Dasha’s porcelain cat and dog ), he recalled with emotion the hot speeches made at the table.).

If there is already a dash inside the insertion structure, then only the parentheses are the common emphases.

For example: Meanwhile, the forest that I recently passed ( what a forest there is - aspen bushes!), which had until now merged with the blackness of the night, so that it could not be suspected, began to appear dimly, because behind it it turned yellow and glowed(Sol.).

Often, brackets and dashes are used to highlight inserted structures on an equal footing.

Compare:

Once in the evening ( it was early October 1773) I was sitting at home, listening to the howl of the autumn wind(P.); Once - it was beyond the Terek- I went with abreks to repel Russian herds(L.); The soldiers (there were three of them) ate, not paying attention to Pierre(L.T.); Large, beautiful birds ( there were thirteen of them) flew in a triangle(T.); The bakers - there were four of them - stayed away from us a - they opened the windows and, listening, praised the musician Waking up sheep - there were about three thousand of them- reluctantly, having nothing else to do, they began to work on the short, half-trodden grass(Ch.); And every evening at the appointed hour ( Or is this just me dreaming?) a girl's figure, captured by silks, moves in a foggy window(Bl.); Litvinov remained on the path; between him and Tatyana - or was it just his imagination?- something happened...(T.).

If an introductory or plug-in sentence is located inside another plug-in sentence, then the last (so to speak, external) sentence is highlighted with brackets, and the first (internal) with a dash: I hurriedly had lunch, without answering the caring questions of the kind German woman, who herself began to whimper at the sight of my red, swollen eyes ( German women are known to be always happy to cry) (T.).

In rare cases, inserted structures are separated by commas.

For example: It even seemed to me maybe it really was like that that everyone has become more kind to us(Ax.); Exhibits of the Biological Museum, and there are over two thousand of them, talk about the animal world of our planet(gas.).

Depending on the syntactic structure of the main sentence and the insertion structure, in addition to the dash, there may also be commas at the “break”. The following cases are possible here.

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Classes of introductory words by meaning

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of what is reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, authenticity	Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, truly, of course, naturally, truly and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach by a different route, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	Surprisingly, amazingly, amazingly, amazingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens and etc.	Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Source of message	According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. Order of thoughts and their connections	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov).
7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing	Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko).

2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

In addition, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

See, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with participles;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

• impersonal offers;

  It seemed to her that we all remember it well.

• vaguely personal proposals.

  This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:

A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

V) Introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:

If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did a man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:

  Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);

• in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:

  He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);

• in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:

  He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).

  This provision also applies to the form in general.

  Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:

You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at his mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if in particular it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:

Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the sense of “especially important”, “especially significant”:

You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:

People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.

15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.

Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).

19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:

• separated by commas as introductory:

  Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life(Turgenev);

• stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, hardly, supposedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:

The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from the separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:

Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel.). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).

Note!

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:

And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (when intonationally emphasizing introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction), after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

A dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the subsequent part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):

Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

Inserted constructions are individual words, phrases or additional sentences that represent a kind of commentary, make additional amendments, clarifications, and explanations to the main idea expressed in the whole sentence.

Characteristic features of plug-in structures:

They cannot appear at the very beginning of a sentence;

In writing, inserted structures are separated by brackets or dashes, but not by commas;

In the places where the insert structure is placed, a pause is observed when pronouncing the phrase, and the tone of speech is usually lowered. Examples:

• Late in the evening (it was about eleven) we were awakened by a light tapping on the window glass.
• Many young girls (like Chekhov’s “sisters”) are trying to find luck and happiness in Moscow.
• Obeying a strange whim, as well as the innate instinct of a clown, a comedian, he gave himself away - and not just anywhere, but in Paris! - for the Englishman. (Daudet)
• Due to the simplicity of his nature - this was his distinctive feature - he could trust the first person he met.
• Meanwhile, twilight was thickening quickly (it was winter), and the outlines of objects became more and more blurry.

Plug-in constructions can function as predicative parts of a sentence, that is, they are located in a single semantic and syntactic integrity with a complex sentence.

• You will (as I have already noted) be present with the rest of the meeting.
• The rain (and it had been falling for three hours) seemed not to stop all night.

A fairly large group consists of inserts that indicate the date: year, century, etc.

• This was precisely the time (60s) of disputes between “physicists and lyricists.”
• Bramante was seventy years old when he died (1514) without completing the reconstruction of the Vatican.

Plug-in constructions, examples of which are given below, are connected to the main sentence using conjunctions and allied words.

• He did not object to the reproach directed at himself (since he did not have time to do anything), but the mood was spoiled for the whole day.
• Mikhail was always attracted to architecture (and he dreamed of becoming an architect since childhood), and he always began his acquaintance with a new city with architectural monuments.

It is necessary to distinguish between input and plug-in structures. Unlike the latter, introductory constructions are not formally related to. They can express different meanings with emotional overtones: surprise, joy, regret, irony, etc. (to surprise, to horror, to luck, to chagrin, fortunately, to be honest):

• To be honest, he had little interest in farming.

They mean a sequence of actions or statements of thoughts (firstly, secondly, first of all, in conclusion, finally):

• Firstly, I have already seen this film, and secondly, I prefer melodrama

They can also perform a modal function, giving an assessment in terms of the reality of the event in question (undoubtedly, probably, definitely, of course, of course, perhaps):

• Perhaps you shouldn't go fishing because of the promised hot weather.

Plug-in designs enrich both making it more expressive and bright, and the author’s style of the writer. However, it should be remembered that the use of these structures should not be abused.

85. Punctuation marks for introductory words and phrases

Introductory words and phrases.

Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas (You apparently do not share our views.),

• if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction, i.e. if any word is missing that can be restored from the context, then a dash is placed instead of a comma (On the one hand, she does not know how to cook, on the other, she wants to learn it.).
• punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalized word in the presence of an introductory word or phrase:

[Oh, cc. el.: o, o, o] Everyone came to the meeting, namely: teachers and students.

[o, o, o - vv. ate., O] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything mixed up in a living stream.

some words can be either introductory words and separated by commas, or parts of a sentence:

	is an introductory word	is not an introductory word
	Indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation - gives an assessment of the fact from the point of view. speaker (Come in, finally!)	Equal in meaning to after all, finally, as a result of everything
in the end	Same function as “finally” (Shut up, after all!)	- (We walked and walked and finally arrived.) - the same function as “finally”.
	(They argued for a long time and eventually made a decision that suited everyone.)	Stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence (Look at how he spoke, though!) It stands at the beginning of a sentence or between homogeneous members of a sentence and is an adversative conjunction (I didn’t want to see her anymore, but I had to.)
Exception: in sentences like: “However, it’s a cold spring today!”	the word “however” is at the beginning of the sentence, acts as an interjection and is separated by a comma	Certainly - usually acts as a water word (Of course, I will help you.)
- can act as a particle	(Of course I would go there...) Means	- if equal in meaning to the words therefore, therefore (I didn’t see her at school today, which means she was really sick.)
- if it plays the role of a predicate in a sentence (the meaning is close to the word means)	(She means too much to me to deceive her.) at all	- if the combination is equal in meaning generally speaking (Actually, this is very interesting)
mainly	- in other meanings (He generally forbade going out after twelve)	- if the combination is equal in meaning, the most important thing is (To prepare for the lesson, you need to read the theory and, mainly, complete the assignments.)
anyway	- if equal in meaning to the words predominantly, basically, most of all (He survived mainly thanks to his friends.)	- if it has a restrictive-evaluative value (At least I didn't say that.)
- if relevant under any circumstances ([In any case, he will never leave his former pet.)	in your	queue - if used figuratively. (The following minor members are distinguished: definition, addition and circumstance, in the group of the latter, in turn, by the circumstance of place).

• if the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate common member of a sentence, then it is not separated from it by a comma, and if it is in the middle, then it is separated by commas (The young man, apparently having recently graduated from college, made many mistakes when answering. The young man the man, who had apparently recently graduated from college, made many mistakes in his answers.)
• if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged, then it is separated by a comma from the preceding coordinating conjunction; if this is impossible, then a comma is placed only after the introductory word, and on the border between the conjunction and the introductory word is placed (Firstly, he is very busy and, secondly, he does not want to see you. The misfortune has not changed him at all, but on the contrary, it made it even stronger.)
• introductory sentences are highlighted: with commas, if they are small in volume (For me, you know, everything has always worked out.) or if they are introduced using conjunctions like, how many, if (Today, as the newspapers report, a rally will take place in the center of Moscow.) ;
• dashes if they are common (They - I noticed this right away - wanted to get rid of me as quickly as possible.);
• Inserted constructions are highlighted in brackets (unlike introductory sentences, they do not express the speaker’s attitude to what was said, but contain some kind of incidental or additional remarks): One evening (this was in the fall of 1912)...

Tasks and tests on the topic "Punctuation marks for introductory words and phrases"

• Punctuation marks for words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the sentence - Simple complicated sentence 11th grade

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 7 Tests: 1

• Homogeneous members of a sentence, punctuation marks for them - Offer. Word combination 4th grade

The introductory words in a sentence are usually not grammatically consistent with the rest of the sentence and are not actually members of the sentence as such. They simply express the attitude of the speaker (or author) to the main idea of ​​the sentence.

Introductory words are always separated by commas in the sentence. For example: Fortunately, she didn’t forget anything.

The only exceptions are those cases when words that we are accustomed to consider introductory, but in this case are used as members of a sentence. (The car rushed him towards happiness)

Plug-in constructions are separated by commas, but more often by dashes or parentheses when they carry additional information about the subject of speech. For example: She walked down the steps (the room was located in the basement). The whole family - there were five of them - went to the station.

The most commonly used introductory words are: without a doubt, it happened, probably, apparently, you see, you see, perhaps, firstly, secondly etc., however, they are doing, must be, let's say, it is thought, know, mean, otherwise (speaking), shpak, it seems, unfortunately, of course, in short (speaking), unfortunately, by the way (to say), fortunately, by the way, maybe , probably, on the contrary, for example, on the contrary, (in one) word, obviously, in all likelihood, perhaps, please, put it, I remember, in my opinion, in my opinion, in the opinion..., it’s clear, you understand, read , really, really, I admit, I admit, (it goes without saying) of course, let’s say, therefore, in a word, hear, actually (speaking), therefore, strictly speaking, thus, so to speak, tea, what good, or something.

Note 1. It is necessary to distinguish adverbial words from introductory words that answer the questions how? how? When? etc., for example: These words were said by the way.

But: By the way, take our books with you. This phrase was said incidentally.

But: This phrase, by the way, reminded me of an old joke.

Note 2. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of the same words and phrases either as introductory words (and, therefore, separated by commas), or as intensifying ones (and not separated by commas), for example: You understand all this, of course? ( Exception: in sentences like: “However, it’s a cold spring today!”– introductory word). Of course you will arrive before me ( Exception: in sentences like: “However, it’s a cold spring today!”, pronounced in a tone of confidence, is an intensifying word). What else are you thinking, really? ( Indeed– introductory expression). But he really has nothing to do with it ( Indeed, pronounced in a tone of conviction, is an intensifying turn).

Note 3. If for example, let's say, let's say, let's say etc. stand before a word or group of words that clarify the preceding words, then no punctuation mark is placed after them.

Note 4. Unions A and, less often, But , if they form one whole with the subsequent introductory word, they are not separated from the last by a comma, for example: and therefore, and however, and therefore, but therefore, but of course and so on.

24. Punctuation marks for isolated parts of a sentence.

1. Separate definitions

Separate themselves	Not isolated
A common definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with dependent words, standing after the noun being defined: Poplars, covered with dew, filled the air with a delicate aroma.	Participle or adjective with dependent words, coming after an indefinite pronoun: Her big eyes... searched mine something resembling the truth.
A single definition, standing after the noun being defined, if it has an additional adverbial meaning: To the young person, to a lover, it’s impossible not to spill the beans.	A common definition that comes after the noun being defined, if it itself in a given sentence does not express the desired concept and requires a definition: I've been in a mood all week depressed and depressed.(Combination dominated the mood does not have a complete meaning).
	A common definition, if it is connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate (included in its composition): The moon has risen very purple and gloomy.
Two or more single adjectives following the noun being defined: Has arrived night,moonlit, clear. However, isolation is required only when the defined noun is preceded by another definition: I’m offended to hear these tales, dirty and deceitful.	In the absence of a previous definition, it is not isolated: Under this thick gray overcoat beat heartpassionate and noble.
A common or single definition, standing immediately before the defined noun, if it has an additional adverbial meaning (temporary, causal, conditional, concessive): Stunned by a punch, Bulanin I was staggering at first. high, Lelya and in quilted clothes she was too thin.	A common definition that comes before the defined noun and has no additional adverbial meaning: At the table I was rummaging through books recently arrived from the village accountant.
A common or single definition is always isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence: Arrows, launched at him, fell, pathetic, back to earth. Sunlit, buckwheat and wheat lay across the river fields.
The definition relating to the personal pronoun is almost always isolated: Struck by fear, I I follow my mother into the bedroom. Me,wet to the last thread, taken off the horse almost without memory.	However, the definition for a personal pronoun is not isolated if: 1 definition is closely related in meaning not only to the subject, but also to the predicate: Before the hut We got there soaking wet. 2. the definition is in the accusative case, but can be used in the instrumental case: And then he saw hislying on a hard bed in the house of a poor neighbor (saw him lying) 3. the definition is used in an exclamatory sentence: O Istupid!
The turnover is always isolated taken together: She was extremely far from the type of classical beauty, she had an uneven eye shape, a slightly slanted mouth, a small depression in the middle of her forehead, but all this, taken together, gave the impression of attractiveness, completely undeniable to everyone who knew her.	A defining, demonstrative or possessive pronoun is not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows it: Everyone coming to the doctor patients assistance was provided. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowedheads.
An inconsistent definition, expressed in the oblique case form of a noun (usually with a preposition), is isolated if: 1. you need to emphasize the meaning it expresses: Serf, in shiny clothing, with folded back sleeves, immediately served various drinks and food. 2.refers to a proper name: Didn’t leave my memory Elizaveta Kievna, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes. 3.refers to the personal pronoun: I'm surprised that You, with your kindness, don't feel it. 4. expressed by the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (especially if the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): Short beard, slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin. 5. expressed by an infinitive, which can be preceded without prejudice to the meaning namely; in these cases a dash is placed: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire – do good.
Often an inconsistent definition is isolated in order to “tear it off” from the nearest member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically: Painter, drunk, drank Instead of beer, a tea glass of lacquer.